Simple Future
Simple Future has two different forms in English: "will" and "be going to." Although the two forms can sometimes be used interchangeably, they often express two very different meanings. These different meanings might seem too abstract at first, but with time and practice, the differences will become clear. Both "will" and "be going to" refer to a specific time in the future.
FORM Will
[will + verb]
Examples:
You will help him later.
Will you help him later?
You will not help him later.
FORM Be Going To
[am/is/are + going to + verb]
Examples:
You are going to meet Jane tonight.
Are you going to meet Jane tonight?
You are not going to meet Jane tonight.
Complete List of Simple Future Forms
USE 1 "Will" to Express a Voluntary Action
"Will" often suggests that a speaker will do something voluntarily. A voluntary action is one the speaker offers to do for someone else. Often, we use "will" to respond to someone else's complaint or request for help. We also use "will" when we request that someone help us or volunteer to do something for us. Similarly, we use "will not" or "won't" when we refuse to voluntarily do something.
Examples:
I will send you the information when I get it.
I will translate the email, so Mr. Smith can read it.
Will you help me move this heavy table?
Will you make dinner?
I will not do your homework for you.
I won't do all the housework myself!
A: I'm really hungry.
B: I'll make some sandwiches.
A: I'm so tired. I'm about to fall asleep.
B: I'll get you some coffee.
A: The phone is ringing.
B: I'll get it.
USE 2 "Will" to Express a Promise
"Will" is usually used in promises.
Examples:
I will call you when I arrive.
If I am elected President of the United States, I will make sure everyone has access to inexpensive health insurance.
I promise I will not tell him about the surprise party.
Don't worry, I'll be careful.
I won't tell anyone your secret.
USE 3 "Be going to" to Express a Plan
"Be going to" expresses that something is a plan. It expresses the idea that a person intends to do something in the future. It does not matter whether the plan is realistic or not.
Examples:
He is going to spend his vacation in Hawaii.
She is not going to spend her vacation in Hawaii.
A: When are we going to meet each other tonight?
B: We are going to meet at 6 PM.
I'm going to be an actor when I grow up.
Michelle is going to begin medical school next year.
They are going to drive all the way to Alaska.
Who are you going to invite to the party?
A: Who is going to make John's birthday cake?
B: Sue is going to make John's birthday cake.
USE 4 "Will" or "Be Going to" to Express a Prediction
Both "will" and "be going to" can express the idea of a general prediction about the future. Predictions are guesses about what might happen in the future. In "prediction" sentences, the subject usually has little control over the future and therefore USES 1-3 do not apply. In the following examples, there is no difference in meaning.
Examples:
The year 2222 will be a very interesting year.
The year 2222 is going to be a very interesting year.
John Smith will be the next President.
John Smith is going to be the next President.
The movie "Zenith" will win several Academy Awards.
The movie "Zenith" is going to win several Academy Awards.
IMPORTANT
In the Simple Future, it is not always clear which USE the speaker has in mind. Often, there is more than one way to interpret a sentence's meaning.
No Future in Time Clauses
Like all future forms, the Simple Future cannot be used in clauses beginning with time expressions such as: when, while, before, after, by the time, as soon as, if, unless, etc. Instead of Simple Future, Simple Present is used.
Examples:
When you will arrive tonight, we will go out for dinner. Not Correct
When you arrive tonight, we will go out for dinner. Correct
ADVERB PLACEMENT
The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.
Examples:
You will never help him.
Will you ever help him?
You are never going to meet Jane.
Are you ever going to meet Jane?
ACTIVE / PASSIVE
Examples:
John will finish the work by 5:00 PM. Active
The work will be finished by 5:00 PM. Passive
Sally is going to make a beautiful dinner tonight. Active
A beautiful dinner is going to be made by Sally tonight. Passive
Jumat, 29 Januari 2010
noun phrase
A noun phrase is other a single noun or any group of words containing noun or a pronoun that function together as a noun or pronoun, as the subject or object of averb.
For example, ‘they’ , ‘books’, and ‘the books’, are noun phrases, but ‘book’ is just a noun, as you can see in these sentences (in which the noun phrases are all in bold)
- Structure of Noun Phrases:
• A beautiful old painting on the wall
When you use a noun in front of another noun, you never put adjectives between them, you put adjectives in front of the first noun.
Example : We just spoke with a young American boy
Noun phrase can be in form of gerund (base + ing) or gerund and other nouns compounding.
For example, ‘they’ , ‘books’, and ‘the books’, are noun phrases, but ‘book’ is just a noun, as you can see in these sentences (in which the noun phrases are all in bold)
- Structure of Noun Phrases:
• A beautiful old painting on the wall
When you use a noun in front of another noun, you never put adjectives between them, you put adjectives in front of the first noun.
Example : We just spoke with a young American boy
Noun phrase can be in form of gerund (base + ing) or gerund and other nouns compounding.
Finite Verbs
Finite Verbs
A finite verbs is a verb that is inflected for tense according to the rules and categories of the languages in which it occurs. Finite verbs can form independent clauses, which can stand by their own as complete sentences.
Every grammatically correct sentence or clouse must contain a finite verb; sentence fragments not containing finite verb are described as phrases.
Some interjections can play the same role. Even in English, a sentence like thanks for you help! Has an interjection where it could have a subject and a fibite verb form compare I appreciate your help!
A verb is a world that expression an occurrence, act, or made, of being, finite verbs, sometimes called main verbs, are limited by time (see tense), person, and number.
Verb forms that are not finite include the infinite
Participles (e.g, the broken window..!, The wheezing gentleman…”)
Gerunds and gerundives
English has three kinds of verbals : participles, which function as adjectives, which have noun-like, adjective –like, and adverb-like functions each of these is also used in various common constructs; for example, the past participle is used in farming the perfect aspect (to have done).
Other kinds of verbals, such as gerunds and gerundives, exist in other languages.
Example :
The Finite verbs are the under lived work
THE CROWN AND THE FOX
One day a crow finds a tasty piece of cheese she picks it up, flaps her wings, and flies to a high branch of a tree to eat it. (…)
Source : International Story
A finite verbs is a verb that is inflected for tense according to the rules and categories of the languages in which it occurs. Finite verbs can form independent clauses, which can stand by their own as complete sentences.
Every grammatically correct sentence or clouse must contain a finite verb; sentence fragments not containing finite verb are described as phrases.
Some interjections can play the same role. Even in English, a sentence like thanks for you help! Has an interjection where it could have a subject and a fibite verb form compare I appreciate your help!
A verb is a world that expression an occurrence, act, or made, of being, finite verbs, sometimes called main verbs, are limited by time (see tense), person, and number.
Verb forms that are not finite include the infinite
Participles (e.g, the broken window..!, The wheezing gentleman…”)
Gerunds and gerundives
English has three kinds of verbals : participles, which function as adjectives, which have noun-like, adjective –like, and adverb-like functions each of these is also used in various common constructs; for example, the past participle is used in farming the perfect aspect (to have done).
Other kinds of verbals, such as gerunds and gerundives, exist in other languages.
Example :
The Finite verbs are the under lived work
THE CROWN AND THE FOX
One day a crow finds a tasty piece of cheese she picks it up, flaps her wings, and flies to a high branch of a tree to eat it. (…)
Source : International Story
News Item
News Item
News item is factual text which informs the reader about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important
Social function of news item is : to inform readers, listeners or viewers about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important
- Generic Structure
Newsworthy event (s) : recount the event in summary form
Background Event (s) : elaborate what happened, to WHOM, in WHAT circumstances
Sources : comment by participants in, withesses to and authorities to and authorities expert on the event
- Signification grammar features :
Short, telegraphic information about story captured in headline
Generally using simple past tense
Use of material processes to retell the event
Using action verbs , (,) : were, run, go, kill, etc
Using saying verbs , (.) : say, tell
Focus on circumstances
Use of projecting verbal processes in sources stages
There are some rules that can help to make newspaper headlines more comprehensible
1. The passive voice is used with out the approprianto form of “be”
2. It is unusually to find complex forms, generally the simple present form is used
3. The present progressive tense is used, usually to describe something that is changing orde ueloping, but the auxiliary verb is usually left out
4. To refer to the future, headlines often use the infinitive
5. Headlines are not always complete sentences
News item is factual text which informs the reader about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important
Social function of news item is : to inform readers, listeners or viewers about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important
- Generic Structure
Newsworthy event (s) : recount the event in summary form
Background Event (s) : elaborate what happened, to WHOM, in WHAT circumstances
Sources : comment by participants in, withesses to and authorities to and authorities expert on the event
- Signification grammar features :
Short, telegraphic information about story captured in headline
Generally using simple past tense
Use of material processes to retell the event
Using action verbs , (,) : were, run, go, kill, etc
Using saying verbs , (.) : say, tell
Focus on circumstances
Use of projecting verbal processes in sources stages
There are some rules that can help to make newspaper headlines more comprehensible
1. The passive voice is used with out the approprianto form of “be”
2. It is unusually to find complex forms, generally the simple present form is used
3. The present progressive tense is used, usually to describe something that is changing orde ueloping, but the auxiliary verb is usually left out
4. To refer to the future, headlines often use the infinitive
5. Headlines are not always complete sentences
Descriptive Text
Descriptive Text
The aim of descriptive text : to describe the characteristics of particular person, thing, or place.
Text Structure
- Identification : Identifies thing, person, place, phenomenon to be described
- Description : Gives the information of particular thing, person, or place being discussed or describes parts, qualities, or characteristics.
Grammatical Features :
- Who? What?
- Using lingking verb and simple present tense
- Epithet : adjective or adjective phrase
- Attributive (the)
- Use of attributive and identifying process
Example Of Descriptive Text :
IDENTIFICATION
My PETS
We have three family pets : a dog, a cat, and a tortoise
The aim of descriptive text : to describe the characteristics of particular person, thing, or place.
Text Structure
- Identification : Identifies thing, person, place, phenomenon to be described
- Description : Gives the information of particular thing, person, or place being discussed or describes parts, qualities, or characteristics.
Grammatical Features :
- Who? What?
- Using lingking verb and simple present tense
- Epithet : adjective or adjective phrase
- Attributive (the)
- Use of attributive and identifying process
Example Of Descriptive Text :
IDENTIFICATION
My PETS
We have three family pets : a dog, a cat, and a tortoise
DIRECT & INDIRECT SPEECH
We often have to give information about what people say or think. In order to do this you can use direct or quoted speech, or indirect or reported speech.
Direct Speech / Quoted Speech
Saying exactly what someone has said is called direct speech (sometimes called quoted speech)
Here what a person says appears within quotation marks ("...") and should be word for word.
For example:
She said, "Today's lesson is on presentations."
or
"Today's lesson is on presentations," she said.
Indirect Speech / Reported Speech
Indirect speech (sometimes called reported speech), doesn't use quotation marks to enclose what the person said and it doesn't have to be word for word.
When reporting speech the tense usually changes. This is because when we use reported speech, we are usually talking about a time in the past (because obviously the person who spoke originally spoke in the past). The verbs therefore usually have to be in the past too.
For example: Direct speech Indirect speech
"I'm going to the cinema", he said. He said he was going to the cinema.
Tense change
As a rule when you report something someone has said you go back a tense: (the tense on the left changes to the tense on the right): Direct speech Indirect speech
Present simple
She said, "It's cold." › Past simple
She said it was cold.
Present continuous
She said, "I'm teaching English online." › Past continuous
She said she was teaching English online.
Present perfect simple
She said, "I've been on the web since 1999." › Past perfect simple
She said she had been on the web since 1999.
Present perfect continuous
She said, "I've been teaching English for seven years." › Past perfect continuous
She said she had been teaching English for seven years.
Past simple
She said, "I taught online yesterday." › Past perfect
She said she had taught online yesterday.
Past continuous
She said, "I was teaching earlier." › Past perfect continuous
She said she had been teaching earlier.
Past perfect
She said, "The lesson had already started when he arrived." › Past perfect
NO CHANGE - She said the lesson had already started when he arrived.
Past perfect continuous
She said, "I'd already been teaching for five minutes." › Past perfect continuous
NO CHANGE - She said she'd already been teaching for five minutes.
Modal verb forms also sometimes change: Direct speech Indirect speech
will
She said, "I'll teach English online tomorrow." › would
She said she would teach English online tomorrow.
can
She said, "I can teach English online." › could
She said she could teach English online.
must
She said, "I must have a computer to teach English online." › had to
She said she had to have a computer to teach English online.
shall
She said, "What shall we learn today?" › should
She asked what we should learn today.
may
She said, "May I open a new browser?" › might
She asked if she might open a new browser.
!Note - There is no change to; could, would, should, might and ought to.Direct speech Indirect speech
"I might go to the cinema", he said. He said he might go to the cinema.
You can use the present tense in reported speech if you want to say that something is still true i.e. my name has always been and will always be Lynne so:-Direct speech Indirect speech
"My name is Lynne", she said.
She said her name was Lynne.
or
She said her name is Lynne.
You can also use the present tense if you are talking about a future event.Direct speech (exact quote) Indirect speech (not exact)
"Next week's lesson is on reported speech ", she said.
She said next week's lesson is on reported speech.
Time change
If the reported sentence contains an expression of time, you must change it to fit in with the time of reporting.
For example we need to change words like here and yesterday if they have different meanings at the time and place of reporting.Today + 24 hours - Indirect speech
"Today's lesson is on presentations." She said yesterday's lesson was on presentations.
Expressions of time if reported on a different day
this (evening) › that (evening)
today › yesterday ...
these (days) › those (days)
now › then
(a week) ago › (a week) before
last weekend › the weekend before last / the previous weekend
here › there
next (week) › the following (week)
tomorrow › the next/following day
In addition if you report something that someone said in a different place to where you heard it you must change the place (here) to the place (there).
For example:- At work At home
"How long have you worked here?" She asked me how long I'd worked there.
Pronoun change
In reported speech, the pronoun often changes.
For example: Me You
"I teach English online." She said she teaches English online.
Reporting Verbs
Said, told and asked are the most common verbs used in indirect speech.
We use asked to report questions:-
For example: I asked Lynne what time the lesson started.
We use told with an object.
For example: Lynne told me she felt tired.
We usually use said without an object.
For example: Lynne said she was going to teach online.
If said is used with an object we must include to ;
For example: Lynne said to me that she'd never been to China.
!Note - We usually use told.
For example: Lynne told me that she'd never been to China.
There are many other verbs we can use apart from said, told and asked.
These include:-accused, admitted, advised, alleged, agreed, apologised, begged, boasted, complained, denied, explained, implied, invited, offered, ordered, promised, replied, suggested and thought.
Using them properly can make what you say much more interesting and informative.
For example:
He asked me to come to the party:- He invited me to the party.
He begged me to come to the party.
He ordered me to come to the party.
He advised me to come to the party.
He suggested I should come to the party.
Use of 'That' in reported speech
In reported speech, the word that is often used.
For example: He told me that he lived in Greenwich.
However, that is optional.
For example: He told me he lived in Greenwich.
!Note - That is never used in questions, instead we often use if.
For example: He asked me if I would come to the party.
Direct Speech / Quoted Speech
Saying exactly what someone has said is called direct speech (sometimes called quoted speech)
Here what a person says appears within quotation marks ("...") and should be word for word.
For example:
She said, "Today's lesson is on presentations."
or
"Today's lesson is on presentations," she said.
Indirect Speech / Reported Speech
Indirect speech (sometimes called reported speech), doesn't use quotation marks to enclose what the person said and it doesn't have to be word for word.
When reporting speech the tense usually changes. This is because when we use reported speech, we are usually talking about a time in the past (because obviously the person who spoke originally spoke in the past). The verbs therefore usually have to be in the past too.
For example: Direct speech Indirect speech
"I'm going to the cinema", he said. He said he was going to the cinema.
Tense change
As a rule when you report something someone has said you go back a tense: (the tense on the left changes to the tense on the right): Direct speech Indirect speech
Present simple
She said, "It's cold." › Past simple
She said it was cold.
Present continuous
She said, "I'm teaching English online." › Past continuous
She said she was teaching English online.
Present perfect simple
She said, "I've been on the web since 1999." › Past perfect simple
She said she had been on the web since 1999.
Present perfect continuous
She said, "I've been teaching English for seven years." › Past perfect continuous
She said she had been teaching English for seven years.
Past simple
She said, "I taught online yesterday." › Past perfect
She said she had taught online yesterday.
Past continuous
She said, "I was teaching earlier." › Past perfect continuous
She said she had been teaching earlier.
Past perfect
She said, "The lesson had already started when he arrived." › Past perfect
NO CHANGE - She said the lesson had already started when he arrived.
Past perfect continuous
She said, "I'd already been teaching for five minutes." › Past perfect continuous
NO CHANGE - She said she'd already been teaching for five minutes.
Modal verb forms also sometimes change: Direct speech Indirect speech
will
She said, "I'll teach English online tomorrow." › would
She said she would teach English online tomorrow.
can
She said, "I can teach English online." › could
She said she could teach English online.
must
She said, "I must have a computer to teach English online." › had to
She said she had to have a computer to teach English online.
shall
She said, "What shall we learn today?" › should
She asked what we should learn today.
may
She said, "May I open a new browser?" › might
She asked if she might open a new browser.
!Note - There is no change to; could, would, should, might and ought to.Direct speech Indirect speech
"I might go to the cinema", he said. He said he might go to the cinema.
You can use the present tense in reported speech if you want to say that something is still true i.e. my name has always been and will always be Lynne so:-Direct speech Indirect speech
"My name is Lynne", she said.
She said her name was Lynne.
or
She said her name is Lynne.
You can also use the present tense if you are talking about a future event.Direct speech (exact quote) Indirect speech (not exact)
"Next week's lesson is on reported speech ", she said.
She said next week's lesson is on reported speech.
Time change
If the reported sentence contains an expression of time, you must change it to fit in with the time of reporting.
For example we need to change words like here and yesterday if they have different meanings at the time and place of reporting.Today + 24 hours - Indirect speech
"Today's lesson is on presentations." She said yesterday's lesson was on presentations.
Expressions of time if reported on a different day
this (evening) › that (evening)
today › yesterday ...
these (days) › those (days)
now › then
(a week) ago › (a week) before
last weekend › the weekend before last / the previous weekend
here › there
next (week) › the following (week)
tomorrow › the next/following day
In addition if you report something that someone said in a different place to where you heard it you must change the place (here) to the place (there).
For example:- At work At home
"How long have you worked here?" She asked me how long I'd worked there.
Pronoun change
In reported speech, the pronoun often changes.
For example: Me You
"I teach English online." She said she teaches English online.
Reporting Verbs
Said, told and asked are the most common verbs used in indirect speech.
We use asked to report questions:-
For example: I asked Lynne what time the lesson started.
We use told with an object.
For example: Lynne told me she felt tired.
We usually use said without an object.
For example: Lynne said she was going to teach online.
If said is used with an object we must include to ;
For example: Lynne said to me that she'd never been to China.
!Note - We usually use told.
For example: Lynne told me that she'd never been to China.
There are many other verbs we can use apart from said, told and asked.
These include:-accused, admitted, advised, alleged, agreed, apologised, begged, boasted, complained, denied, explained, implied, invited, offered, ordered, promised, replied, suggested and thought.
Using them properly can make what you say much more interesting and informative.
For example:
He asked me to come to the party:- He invited me to the party.
He begged me to come to the party.
He ordered me to come to the party.
He advised me to come to the party.
He suggested I should come to the party.
Use of 'That' in reported speech
In reported speech, the word that is often used.
For example: He told me that he lived in Greenwich.
However, that is optional.
For example: He told me he lived in Greenwich.
!Note - That is never used in questions, instead we often use if.
For example: He asked me if I would come to the party.
Modals
Modal Verbs of Probability
Listed below are examples and uses of modal verbs of probability. Modal verbs of probability are used to express an opinion of the speaker based on information that the speaker has. Example: He must be at work, it's 10 o'clock. In this case, the speaker is 100 % sure that the person is at work based on the speaker's knowledge that the person in question usually works at during the day.Examples Usage
They must be in Spain by now.
She must have done well on the test. Use 'must' plus the verb when you are 100% (or almost 100%) sure that something is the case.
She might come this evening.
David may invite Jesica to the match.
Jack might have gone to France. Use 'might' or 'may' to express an opinion that you think has a good possibility of being true.
Jane could be at work.
Peter could have arrived late. Use 'could' to express a possibilty which is one of many. This form is not as strong as 'might' or 'may'. It is just one of a number of possibilities.
You can't be serious!
They can't have worked until late.
Use 'can't' to express an opinion that you are 100% sure is NOT true.
Notice that the past form remains 'can't have done'
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PimsleurApproach.comStructure
In the present: Subject Modal Base Form Objects
I
You
He, She
We
They
must be
might be
could be
can't be at work.
In the past: Subject Modal Perfect Form Objects I
You
He, She
We
They
must have left
might have left
could have left
can't have left early.
Listed below are examples and uses of modal verbs of probability. Modal verbs of probability are used to express an opinion of the speaker based on information that the speaker has. Example: He must be at work, it's 10 o'clock. In this case, the speaker is 100 % sure that the person is at work based on the speaker's knowledge that the person in question usually works at during the day.Examples Usage
They must be in Spain by now.
She must have done well on the test. Use 'must' plus the verb when you are 100% (or almost 100%) sure that something is the case.
She might come this evening.
David may invite Jesica to the match.
Jack might have gone to France. Use 'might' or 'may' to express an opinion that you think has a good possibility of being true.
Jane could be at work.
Peter could have arrived late. Use 'could' to express a possibilty which is one of many. This form is not as strong as 'might' or 'may'. It is just one of a number of possibilities.
You can't be serious!
They can't have worked until late.
Use 'can't' to express an opinion that you are 100% sure is NOT true.
Notice that the past form remains 'can't have done'
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PimsleurApproach.comStructure
In the present: Subject Modal Base Form Objects
I
You
He, She
We
They
must be
might be
could be
can't be at work.
In the past: Subject Modal Perfect Form Objects I
You
He, She
We
They
must have left
might have left
could have left
can't have left early.
Narrative Text
Narrative text is a text which contains about story (fiction/ non fiction/ tales/ folktales/ fables/ myths/ epic) and in its plot consists of climax of the story (complication) then followed by the resolution.
Generic Structure
- Orientation
- Complication
- Evaluation (Optional)
- Resolution
- Orientation : It is about WHO, WHEN, and WHERE the story happened
- Evaluation : Is optional; it is usually used to make the story. Complication is the part of the story in which there is a conflict among the characters of the story (it is possible to make more than one conflict in a complication), and it is the climax of the story (the big problem in the story). A story can here more than one complication.
- Resolution : It is the solution of the problem. It can be a happy or sad ending. In resolution, the solution or the way out of the conflict/ the big problem must be written
- Coda : It is the change of one of the character or two, or the meaning of the story that can be caught as a moral value of life
Example : three little pig, cinderella, snow white, etc
Generic Structure
- Orientation
- Complication
- Evaluation (Optional)
- Resolution
- Orientation : It is about WHO, WHEN, and WHERE the story happened
- Evaluation : Is optional; it is usually used to make the story. Complication is the part of the story in which there is a conflict among the characters of the story (it is possible to make more than one conflict in a complication), and it is the climax of the story (the big problem in the story). A story can here more than one complication.
- Resolution : It is the solution of the problem. It can be a happy or sad ending. In resolution, the solution or the way out of the conflict/ the big problem must be written
- Coda : It is the change of one of the character or two, or the meaning of the story that can be caught as a moral value of life
Example : three little pig, cinderella, snow white, etc
How To Write an Invitation:
Names of party hosts or sponsoring organization.
Type of event (birthday party, business networking meeting, etc.).
Place.
Date.
Time.
RSVP date and phone number.
Any special dress requirements from black-tie to bathing suits.
Rain date (if any).
Be specific about who is invited, whether addressee only, with guest, or with spouse and children.
Names of party hosts or sponsoring organization.
Type of event (birthday party, business networking meeting, etc.).
Place.
Date.
Time.
RSVP date and phone number.
Any special dress requirements from black-tie to bathing suits.
Rain date (if any).
Be specific about who is invited, whether addressee only, with guest, or with spouse and children.
Surprise and Disbeliefs
To express surprise! That’s a surprise
- What a surprise! That’s a surprise
- (Well), that’s very surprising!
- Really?
- What
- Are you serious? You must be joking!
- You’re kidding!
- Fancy that!
- I must say … surprises me
- I find that hard to believe
Example of expressing surprise
Joe : Are you serious? You must be joking!
Kevin: That’s true
When you got a surprising fact, you can say:
- Do you know what
- Believe it or not
- You may not believe it, but
- Can you believe this?
You can respond to the surprising fact using these expression :
- Really?
- Are you joking?
- Oh?
- Where? Show me
- What a surprise! That’s a surprise
- (Well), that’s very surprising!
- Really?
- What
- Are you serious? You must be joking!
- You’re kidding!
- Fancy that!
- I must say … surprises me
- I find that hard to believe
Example of expressing surprise
Joe : Are you serious? You must be joking!
Kevin: That’s true
When you got a surprising fact, you can say:
- Do you know what
- Believe it or not
- You may not believe it, but
- Can you believe this?
You can respond to the surprising fact using these expression :
- Really?
- Are you joking?
- Oh?
- Where? Show me
Gratitude , compliment, and congratulation
Gratitude , compliment, and congratulation
Gratitude is also called thanking.
We say "thank you" when people give us something, help we do something, give a compliment, wish us something, etc.
Here are some expressions of gratitude
• Thank you very much…
• Thanks…
• I want to thank…
• I keep forgetting to thank you for…
• I should like to Express my gratitude…
• I’m very much obliged to you…
• How can I thank you?
• I’m very grateful to you…
• Thank for your help…
Respon of expressing
- You are welcome.
- Don’t mention it!
- Not at all.
- It was nothing at all.
- No problem.
- Glad to be of help.
- (it was) my pleasure.
- I am glad I could help.
- I am glad I could do it.
- No big deal
- That’s all right.
- Any time
Compliment is expression that used to give praising to other people.
Some people use compliment to better up someday or to flatter in order to increase good will.
Expressing
• What a nice dress?
• You look great
• You look very nice
• I really must express my admiration for you
• Good grades
• Excellent
• Good grades!
• Excellent!
• Good job!
• You look beautiful/ handsome
Response
• Thank you.
• Really?
• I will
• Thanks a lot, etc.
Time to expressing compliment
• On his/her general appearance
• If you notice something new about the person’s appearance
• When you visit someone’s house for the first time
When other people do their best
Definition
of
Congratulation
Congratulation is expression that used to said congratulate to someone when get a success.
Expressing
• Let me congratulate you
• Happy birthday!
• Happy Lebaran Day!
• Merry Christmas!
• Happy New Year!
• Happy Valentine!
• Good!
• That’s great!
• How fortunate.
• Splendid.
• Pretty good.
• Congratulations!
Responding
• Thank you
• Thanks, I needed that.
• That’s very kind of you.
• It’s very kind of you to say that.
• Do you really think so?
• You’ve made my day!
• The same to you.
• I’m glad you like it. Thank you, it’s nice of you to say so.
Gratitude is also called thanking.
We say "thank you" when people give us something, help we do something, give a compliment, wish us something, etc.
Here are some expressions of gratitude
• Thank you very much…
• Thanks…
• I want to thank…
• I keep forgetting to thank you for…
• I should like to Express my gratitude…
• I’m very much obliged to you…
• How can I thank you?
• I’m very grateful to you…
• Thank for your help…
Respon of expressing
- You are welcome.
- Don’t mention it!
- Not at all.
- It was nothing at all.
- No problem.
- Glad to be of help.
- (it was) my pleasure.
- I am glad I could help.
- I am glad I could do it.
- No big deal
- That’s all right.
- Any time
Compliment is expression that used to give praising to other people.
Some people use compliment to better up someday or to flatter in order to increase good will.
Expressing
• What a nice dress?
• You look great
• You look very nice
• I really must express my admiration for you
• Good grades
• Excellent
• Good grades!
• Excellent!
• Good job!
• You look beautiful/ handsome
Response
• Thank you.
• Really?
• I will
• Thanks a lot, etc.
Time to expressing compliment
• On his/her general appearance
• If you notice something new about the person’s appearance
• When you visit someone’s house for the first time
When other people do their best
Definition
of
Congratulation
Congratulation is expression that used to said congratulate to someone when get a success.
Expressing
• Let me congratulate you
• Happy birthday!
• Happy Lebaran Day!
• Merry Christmas!
• Happy New Year!
• Happy Valentine!
• Good!
• That’s great!
• How fortunate.
• Splendid.
• Pretty good.
• Congratulations!
Responding
• Thank you
• Thanks, I needed that.
• That’s very kind of you.
• It’s very kind of you to say that.
• Do you really think so?
• You’ve made my day!
• The same to you.
• I’m glad you like it. Thank you, it’s nice of you to say so.
ADVERTISEMENT
DEFINITION OF ADVERTISEMENT
Advertisement is a form of communication used to help sell products and services.
Typically it communicates a message including the name of the product or service and how that product or service could potentially benefit the consumer.
We can Find advertisement on newspaper, tabloid, radio, television, billboard, and internet.
In making Advertisement, keep the following points:
1. Language Of Advertisement
Using the correct or suitable words
Using the interesting and suggestive expressions
Text of advertisement should be directed to the goals
2.Content of Advertisement:
The contents of advertisement must be objective and honest.
Short and clean.
Doesn’t allude other group or producer.
Function of advertisement:
Promotions
Communications
Information
Kinds Of Advertisement:
Family Advertisement
Announcement Advertisement
Invitation Advertisement
Sponsor Advertisement
Article Advertisement
Offer
Advertisement
Advertisement is a form of communication used to help sell products and services.
Typically it communicates a message including the name of the product or service and how that product or service could potentially benefit the consumer.
We can Find advertisement on newspaper, tabloid, radio, television, billboard, and internet.
In making Advertisement, keep the following points:
1. Language Of Advertisement
Using the correct or suitable words
Using the interesting and suggestive expressions
Text of advertisement should be directed to the goals
2.Content of Advertisement:
The contents of advertisement must be objective and honest.
Short and clean.
Doesn’t allude other group or producer.
Function of advertisement:
Promotions
Communications
Information
Kinds Of Advertisement:
Family Advertisement
Announcement Advertisement
Invitation Advertisement
Sponsor Advertisement
Article Advertisement
Offer
Advertisement
Speaking : Speech
Speech Tips
Make sure that your appearance is well presented
Speak clearly, and adjust your voice so that everyone can hear you.
Don't shout for the sake of being loud
It is common to speak rapidly when nervous, try to take your time speaking
Effectively used, a pause in your speech can be used to emphasize a point, or to allow the audience to react to a fact, anecdote or joke
Make eye contact with your audience. This helps to build trust and a relationship between the speaker and the listeners
Do not fidget or make other nervous gestures with your hands
Do not keep your hands in your pockets
Do use hand gestures effectively
Be yourself, allow your own personality to shine in your speech
Make sure that your appearance is well presented
Speak clearly, and adjust your voice so that everyone can hear you.
Don't shout for the sake of being loud
It is common to speak rapidly when nervous, try to take your time speaking
Effectively used, a pause in your speech can be used to emphasize a point, or to allow the audience to react to a fact, anecdote or joke
Make eye contact with your audience. This helps to build trust and a relationship between the speaker and the listeners
Do not fidget or make other nervous gestures with your hands
Do not keep your hands in your pockets
Do use hand gestures effectively
Be yourself, allow your own personality to shine in your speech
LISTENING
Description:
Often time student are not able to communicating clearly what they would like to say. It is purpose of this lesson to help student understand to need to be articulate and precise when explain steps to another student. In addition the student listening will learn to be a more affective listener.
Goal: Students will understands to need to be articulate when communicating.
Objectives :
1. The student will use descriptive eplications guide another student in completing the task.
2. The student will explain the importance of being articulate and the frustration when directions are unclear.
Background Information:
This activity will teach student to explain what they see and guide another student in reproducing the drawing by what they are told.
Concepts : Student will able to:
1. Explain and articulate the steps to reproducing a drawing.
2. Follow directions as closely as possible.
3. Communicate with follow to accomplish the given task
Often time student are not able to communicating clearly what they would like to say. It is purpose of this lesson to help student understand to need to be articulate and precise when explain steps to another student. In addition the student listening will learn to be a more affective listener.
Goal: Students will understands to need to be articulate when communicating.
Objectives :
1. The student will use descriptive eplications guide another student in completing the task.
2. The student will explain the importance of being articulate and the frustration when directions are unclear.
Background Information:
This activity will teach student to explain what they see and guide another student in reproducing the drawing by what they are told.
Concepts : Student will able to:
1. Explain and articulate the steps to reproducing a drawing.
2. Follow directions as closely as possible.
3. Communicate with follow to accomplish the given task
PERFECT TENSE
Present Perfect tense is used for describing a past action’s effect an the present.
THE FORMULA OF PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
Patern I : S + have/has + been + Complement
Patern II : S + have/has + V3 + O/Adv
Past Perfect Tense is a kind of tense that is used to describe an action or an event that started in certain time in the post and completed or finished fill certain time in the past too; or past perfect tense is used to express an action or an event that had happened before the other event or action happened.
Pattern : S + had + V3 + Complement
Present Future Perfect Tense is used to assert an action or an event that will happened or will finished at the definite time at the future.
Pattern I : S (except I) + will/shall + have + been + Complement
Pattern II : S + Will/Shall + have + V3+ O/Adv
Past Future Perfect Tense is used to assert an action or an event that will happened before or at the other event happened at the past future.
Pattern I : S + would/should + have + been + Complement
Pattern II : S + would/should + have + V3 + O/Adv
THE FORMULA OF PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
Patern I : S + have/has + been + Complement
Patern II : S + have/has + V3 + O/Adv
Past Perfect Tense is a kind of tense that is used to describe an action or an event that started in certain time in the post and completed or finished fill certain time in the past too; or past perfect tense is used to express an action or an event that had happened before the other event or action happened.
Pattern : S + had + V3 + Complement
Present Future Perfect Tense is used to assert an action or an event that will happened or will finished at the definite time at the future.
Pattern I : S (except I) + will/shall + have + been + Complement
Pattern II : S + Will/Shall + have + V3+ O/Adv
Past Future Perfect Tense is used to assert an action or an event that will happened before or at the other event happened at the past future.
Pattern I : S + would/should + have + been + Complement
Pattern II : S + would/should + have + V3 + O/Adv
VOCABS: SHAPES, PARTS OF BODY
Shapes is the external form or outline of anything.
more picture: http://www.bing.com/images/search?q=Body+Parts+pictures&FORM=MFEIMG&PUBL=Google&CREA=userid1743944dc144bea0f142810320bc95860fb5
more picture: http://www.bing.com/images/search?q=Body+Parts+pictures&FORM=MFEIMG&PUBL=Google&CREA=userid1743944dc144bea0f142810320bc95860fb5
ANALYZE CHARACTER
To comprehend and express the meaning of short functional and simple identification of stories.
Types of characters:
1. Plot
2. Character
3. Setting
4. Theme
5. Point of view
6. Language style
1. PLOT
Story has certain arrangement of events which are taken to have a relation to one another.
2. CHARACTER
Character s in a work of story are generally designed to open up or explore certain aspects of human experience.
3. SETTING
Stories requires a setting : this as in poetry may vary from the concrete to the general.
4. THEME
Theme is also important to, theme is especial idea which is used as base in writing down story mostly letter than implicit.
5. POINT OF VIEW
Point of view interpreted as a position of author to events in story.
6. LANGUAGE STYLE
Language style is the way to typically in laying open feeling or mind through language in the form of oral or article.
Types of characters:
1. Plot
2. Character
3. Setting
4. Theme
5. Point of view
6. Language style
1. PLOT
Story has certain arrangement of events which are taken to have a relation to one another.
2. CHARACTER
Character s in a work of story are generally designed to open up or explore certain aspects of human experience.
3. SETTING
Stories requires a setting : this as in poetry may vary from the concrete to the general.
4. THEME
Theme is also important to, theme is especial idea which is used as base in writing down story mostly letter than implicit.
5. POINT OF VIEW
Point of view interpreted as a position of author to events in story.
6. LANGUAGE STYLE
Language style is the way to typically in laying open feeling or mind through language in the form of oral or article.
WRITING : AUTOBIOGRAPHY
Autobiography is a book about the life of a person, written by that person.
AUTOBIOGRAPHY THROUGH THE AGES
THE CLASSICAL PERIOD :
APOLOGIA
ORATION
CONFESSION
AUTOBIOGRAPHY THROUGH THE AGES
THE CLASSICAL PERIOD :
APOLOGIA
ORATION
CONFESSION
GREETINGS
Greeting is an expressions with aim to ask news or says thank you and think that is firstly is done when will talk.
Greeting Responding
Hello/Hi Hello/Hi
Good afternoon, Sir/Madam
Morning Morning
How are you Fine, thank you, and you?
How are things? Not bad at all
Example dialog
Santi : How are you?
Laura : I’m fine thank you
Greeting Responding
Hello/Hi Hello/Hi
Good afternoon, Sir/Madam
Morning Morning
How are you Fine, thank you, and you?
How are things? Not bad at all
Example dialog
Santi : How are you?
Laura : I’m fine thank you
SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE
To express habit, general truths, repeated action or unchanging situations, emotions and wishes
Adverb of time :
Always
Every
Often
Seldom
Usually
Sometimes
Never
Formula :
(+) He/She/It/ + Verb 1 + S/es
(-)He/She/It/ + does + not +Verb 1
(?) Does + He/She/It + Verb 1 + ?
(+) I/You/They/We + Verb 1
(-)I/You/They/We + do + not + Verb 1
Examples :
(+) I eat burger everyday
(-) I don’t eat burger everyday
(?) don’t I eat burger everyday?
Adverb of time :
Always
Every
Often
Seldom
Usually
Sometimes
Never
Formula :
(+) He/She/It/ + Verb 1 + S/es
(-)He/She/It/ + does + not +Verb 1
(?) Does + He/She/It + Verb 1 + ?
(+) I/You/They/We + Verb 1
(-)I/You/They/We + do + not + Verb 1
Examples :
(+) I eat burger everyday
(-) I don’t eat burger everyday
(?) don’t I eat burger everyday?
SIMPLE PAST TENSE
The function of simple past tense:
1. To express that an action started and finished at a specific time in the past. Sometimes, the speaker may not actually mention the specific time, but they do have one specific time in mind.
2. To describe a habit which stopped in the past. To make it clear that we are talking about a habit, we often add expressions such as: always, often, usually, never, when I was a child, when I was a younger, etc.
3. To describe past facts or generalizations which are no longer true.
The adverbs are usually used in the simple past tense sentences are :
• Yesterday
• Last…
• A week ago
• This morning
• Just now
• … ago
• Last week
• A few minutes ago
Formula :
S + Verb 2 + O +complement
Examples:
We went to the cinema last week
I ate fried rice yesterday
You cooked a crème brulee a few minutes ago
You/They/We + Were + Verb-ing
I/He/She/It + Was + Verb-ing
Examples:
I was watching Jonas Brother Concert last night
We were singing in stage last week
She was going to the zoo with her mother yesterday
1. To express that an action started and finished at a specific time in the past. Sometimes, the speaker may not actually mention the specific time, but they do have one specific time in mind.
2. To describe a habit which stopped in the past. To make it clear that we are talking about a habit, we often add expressions such as: always, often, usually, never, when I was a child, when I was a younger, etc.
3. To describe past facts or generalizations which are no longer true.
The adverbs are usually used in the simple past tense sentences are :
• Yesterday
• Last…
• A week ago
• This morning
• Just now
• … ago
• Last week
• A few minutes ago
Formula :
S + Verb 2 + O +complement
Examples:
We went to the cinema last week
I ate fried rice yesterday
You cooked a crème brulee a few minutes ago
You/They/We + Were + Verb-ing
I/He/She/It + Was + Verb-ing
Examples:
I was watching Jonas Brother Concert last night
We were singing in stage last week
She was going to the zoo with her mother yesterday
Langganan:
Postingan (Atom)