Jumat, 11 Desember 2009

PROCEDURE TEXT

Procedure text is to give someone instruction about something through a sequence of steps.

Structure of the text :

Goal : The final purpose of doing the instructions

Materials : Ingredients, utensils, equipment, to do the instructions.

Steps : A set of instructions to achieve the final purpose.

Language features :

· Use of simple present often imperative sentences

· Use of temporal conjuction

· Action verb

Example :

“Anzac Biscuits”

You will need :

· 2 cup of rolled oats

· 1 ½ cups of caster sugar

· 4 tablespoons of golden syrup

· 2 tablespoons of boiling water

· 1 cup of plain flour

· 250 gram of butter

· 1 teaspoon of baking soda

Steps:

1. Turn oven 160 c

2. Lightly grease oven tray

3. Mix oats, flour and sugar in a large bowl

4. Melt butter and golden syrup in a pan

5. Mix baking soda and boiling water in a cup

6. Add this mixture to melted butter and golden syrup

7. Add this to the oats mixture in the large bowl, mix together well.

8. Roll tablespoonfuls of the mixtures into balls on tray 5 cm apart

9. Press lightly on top of each with a fork

10. Bake for 20 minutes

NARRATIVE TEXT

Narrative text is a text to amuse, entertain and deal with actual or vicarious experience in the different ways.

Narrative deal with problematic events which lead to a crisis or turning point of some kinds, which in turns finds a resolution.

The generic structure of a narrative text :

Orientation : Sets the scene and introduces the participans.

Complications : A crisis arises.

Resolution : The crisis resolved, for better or for worse.

Example:

Cinderella

Once upon a time, there was a gentleman who married the meanest lady in the land. She had two daughters from a previous marriage. They were considered by everybody to be just like their mother. The man had only one young daughter from his previous marriage. She was a kind and gentle soul and, therefore, was much prettier than her two stepsisters.


After the wedding, the stepmother began to unleash her fury on her new young daughter, who made her own daughters seem rotten by comparison. The stepmother gave the young girl all the worst jobs in the house; she was forced to clean the feces off her dinner plate, scrub the urine out of her drinking glass, and try her damnedest to get the stains out of her parents’ bed sheets. The poor girl was commanded to sleep on the floor in the dingy basement, while her sisters slept in nice warm beds in clean rooms. She had endured the abuse as long as she could until she finally retreated to her father for help. Her father told her he wanted to help, but he was powerless to do anything because he suffered from a debilitating disorder called pussywhippedness. She did not know what that was, but felt that it must be a horrible affliction for her father did not look well.

After her chores were finished, she would sit by the fireplace among the cinders. One day, her sisters were trying to think of a way to humiliate her. They soon started calling her Cinderwhore, which eventually turned into Cinderella.

The next week, the King’s son the Prince invited the most fashionable sphincters in the land to a party. It may sound funny now but in those days “sphincter” was a respectable term meaning “the crack part of the ass”. Cinderella’s sisters were invited. The invitation excited them so that they spent all the day fussing over which gowns and hairstyles suited them the finest. Poor Cinderella was ordered to help her sisters get ready for the party by ironing their gowns and dressing their hair, though she was only allowed to wear rags herself.

“Cinderella, wouldn’t you like to go to the party?” asked one of the sisters.

“Why, you’re messing with me,” said Cinderella. “I could never go to such an event.”

“You’re right,” they said. “People would laugh if they saw Cinderwhore there.”

Anybody else would have dressed their hair in such a way to make them look ridiculous, but Cinderella, due to her good nature and cowardice, made their hair look very nice for the party.

That night, the sisters went off to the dance, leaving Cinderella to cry and cry. Her godmother tried to comfort her, asking, “You wish to go to the party, don’t you?”

Cinderella, still in tears, nodded.

“I’ll fix you up,” said the godmother, who was a fairy when she was not busy being a godmother.

“Go get me a pumpkin from the garden,” she told Cinderella, who could not figure out how a pumpkin was going to help in the situation.

Cinderella brought the pumpkin to her straightaway, and the godmother touched it with her magic wand. Suddenly, it turned into a coach.

“Now, grab me that mouse trap,” she said. “We need horses for the coach.”

Cinderella did as she was told and lifted the trap door. Her godmother touched the mice with the wand and turned them into horses.

“Who is going to drive the coach?” asked Cinderella.

“Go to the closet,” replied the godmother.

Cinderella went to the closet and opened it. There was a man inside bound and gagged on the floor. Now, it appeared they had everything they needed.

“What about my clothes?” asked Cinderella, whose apparel consisted of mere rags.

Her godmother touched her with the wand, which turned the rags into a beautiful dress that was far more stylish than her sisters’ dresses. Then, she gave Cinderella the prettiest glass slippers in the world and a diaphragm. By strict law, pregnancy outside of wedlock resulted in the death of the godparents.

As Cinderella entered the carriage, her godmother told her not to stay out past midnight for when the clock strikes twelve o’clock, her coach will become a pumpkin, her horses will be mice again, her clothes will turn back into rags, and her diaphragm will remain intact.

Cinderella thanked her sincerely and then rode off to the party. When she arrived, the party was crowded with all kinds of sphincters. As soon as she entered the room, however, everybody turned to look. “Who was this beautiful princess?” they all thought. The King himself even whispered to the Queen that he had not seen such a beautiful lady in a very long time, and the Queen even whispered to the King that he would not be getting any sex that night.

Cinderella made her way onto the dance floor. She moved like a sick baboon with hemorrhoids, considering she had never danced before. This did not bother the crowd, though, who still marveled at the lovely young woman. When she was done dancing, she approached her two sisters knowing she had to be careful not to reveal her identity.

“Say,” they said. “You look just like our stepsister. What’s your name?”

“Cinderella,” she replied.

“What a coincidence,” they said. “Our stepsister’s name is Cinderella.”

Cinderella breathed a sigh of relief. They did not suspect a thing. The Prince was another admirer of hers that evening. He could look at nothing else. Finally, when the opportunity presented itself, he approached her.

“Excuse me,” he said. “Are you Cinderella?”

“Well, that’s not my real name,” she said. “That’s just what my sisters call me.”

“Oh, what’s your real name?”

“Beatrice.”

“I see,” said the Prince. “Well, would you like to dance, Cinderella?”

“Of course,” she replied happily.

They danced many times that evening. Suddenly, Cinderella heard the clock strike a quarter to twelve. She quickly left the Prince’s arms and fled the castle. When her sisters returned home later, Cinderella pretended that she had been sleeping the whole night and yawned.

“How was the party?” she asked.

“It was bitchin,” they said. “There was this princess there who looked like you, except she was prettier and smarter. The Prince was really hot for her too. After she left, he was asking if anybody knew her.”

Cinderella was ecstatic to hear this, though she hid her excitement well.

The next night, the stepsisters went to another party at the castle with Cinderella inconspicuously close behind, dressed again in the highest fashion. The Prince was overjoyed that Cinderella had returned. He barely left her alone all night. Cinderella was having such a splendid evening that she did not notice the time until one minute before midnight. She suddenly ran in the direction of the door at the Prince’s bewilderment. He quickly followed her out of the castle but lost her in the dark. However, she left behind her diaphragm for it had fallen out of her purse.

The next day, the Prince officially announced that he would marry the lady who fit the diaphragm perfectly. The King had men travel the countryside with the diaphragm to fit every woman in the land. They found no matches. Finally, they reached Cinderella’s house and tried it on her two sisters but the diaphragm was too small for them. The King’s men decided to try it on Cinderella for she was very attractive. To their astonishment, the diaphragm fit perfectly. The men rejoiced that they had found the Prince’s mysterious lady.

The King’s men took Cinderella, dressed as she was in rags, to the King’s palace and brought her before the Prince. The Prince was delighted to see her finally and asked why she hid from him. Cinderella told the Prince that she feared if he saw her in rags that he might lose his love for her. The Prince chuckled.

“I’m not that shallow,” he said, “I don’t love your clothes, Cinderella. I love your body.”

They were married a couple days later in a beautiful ceremony. After a few years, the Prince became King. During his reign, he went crazy and began committing genocide against his own people. When Cinderella’s father learned that he, his wife, and the two sisters were in line for execution like the rest of the common folk, he went to Cinderella for help. Alas, Cinderella had come down with a severe case of dickwhippedness, and regretfully could do nothing for them.

RECOUNT TEXT

RECOUNT TEXT to retell events for the purpose of informing or entertaining.

Recount text has three elements :

Orientation

Events

Re-orientation

GENERIC STRUCTURE :

Orientation : Provides the setting and introduction participants.

Events : Tell what happened in sequence.

Re-orientation : Optional closure of events.

SIGNIFICANT LEXICOGRAMMATICAL FEATURES

Focus on specific participants

Use of material process

Circumstances of time and place

Use of past tense

Focus on temporal sequence

Example

“Earthquake”

Orientation : I was driving along the coast road when the car suddenly lurched to one side.

Event 1 : At first, when I saw telegraph poles collapsing like matchsticks.

Event 2 : the rock came tumbling across the road and I had to abandon the car.

ANNOUNCEMENT

Announcement is something said, written, or printed to make know that has happened or (more often) what will happen.

Some point that must you know about announcement:

In writing an announcement, keep the following parts the title/type or event, date/time, and contact person.

We can find the announcement in television, radio, news paper, wall magazine in school, etc.

Announcement use simple present tense or simple future tense often enticement.

Examples:

DANCE CONTEST

We invites you to show your dancing ability and get many prizes at the same time.

Please join the dance contest on Wednesday, 10th February 2010 on Horse street no 1.

For more information, please contact :

· Efron (044) 5677634

· Jonas (044) 3897498


Giving Instruction

Giving instruction is an expression that is used in order that other person does what we instruct or request.

The difference between request and instructions

Instructions (also called imperatives)

Instructions require the person receiving them to do something, or to stop doing it. Therefore, instructions are directly addressed to the person who has to do them. Therefore, instructions are one of the few types of English sentences that do not need a subject. The subject is usually “you” (understood). If there is any doubt who should do the instruction, the “naming” form – the vocative is used.

Requests

Request are often questions, though indirect request may not be. Sometimes an instruction is changed into a request by the addition of “please” or a question tag. To make a request more polite we might use the subjunctive form of the verb. Very often English request are indirect. Instead of asking someone to do something, the speaker asks if the person is able to do it. Therefore modals of ability (“Can”, “May”, etc) are very often used.

Sympathy Expression

Sympathy expression is an expressions or feeling of pity and sorrow when we know and see someone or people are unlucky or have trouble and in bad condition.

How can we give sympathy expression to someone?

We express it directly to him/her orally or we can use a letter or card by post also by short message service (sms), e-mail, television, radio and newspaper if he/she who got the trouble is far from us.

Several expression of sympathy :

* I’m sorry to hear that

* Oh, dear

* I know how it feels

* Oh, you, poor little thing

* I’m sorry for what’s happened

* That’s a pity

* Oh, no!

* Look! This is not the end of the world

* Don’t be sad

GAINING ATTENTION

Gaining attention is a way or expression that is spoken so that other people will pay their attention to what we want to.

EXAMPLES GAINING ATTENTION

* Attention, please

* Listening to me, please

* Wow really?

* Excuse me, look here!

* Waiter?

* Hey, look!

* May I have your attention, please!

* It’s amazing

* Is (she/he)?

* Oh poor creature!

* Why not?

* What happened then?

HAPPINESS EXPRESSIONS

Happiness expressions is an expression to show someone or people are glad or happy feelings.

EXPRESS HAPINESS:

* I’M HAPPY

* I’M GREAT

* I’M WONDERFULL

* FANTASTIC

* I CAN’T SAY HOW PLEASED

* I’M SO HAPPY TO HEAR THAT

* AN EXCITING ADVENTURE

Example dialog

Intan : Ayu, why you look so happy today?

Ayu : Of course, because my Father gave me a new car, yesterday. I can’t say how pleased I’am!

Intan : Congratulations Ayu. I’m happy to hear that.

Ayu : thank you Intan.

APPOINTMENT

The simple meaning of APPOINTMENT is arrangement to meet someone.

MAKING AN APPOINTMENT :

*FORMAL:

* I’d like to make an appointment to see Mr. Erwanto

* I want to make an appointment to see Mrs. Ashley

*NON FORMAL:

* What if we go to cinema 21 tonight?

* Will you go to Kampung Lauk with us this afternoon?

* Could we meet today in G’Teven Café?

*ACCEPTING AN APPOINTMENT:

* ALL RIGHT, SEE YOU TOMORROW

* Okay! I’m free this tonight.

* I’ll be there

* It’s a deal

*DECLINING AN APPOINTMENT:

* I’m sorry, I have something to do this afternoon

* I’m really sorry. I can’t

* Actually I want to, but I have another appointment

Example dialog

Ayu : Cha-Cha, I heard there a new café in K.S Tubun Street. What if we go to that new café this afternoon?

Cha-Cha : Okay! I’m free this afternoon.

INVITATION

Do you know what is the meaning of INVITATION?

That easy, invitation is…

A document written or printed, or spoken words, to invite someone or more to go to a place or to do something.

INVITING SOMEONE :

* WOULD YOU COME WITH ME TOMORROW?

* PLEASE, MEET ME IN OUR FAVORITE PLACE!

* LET’S GO TO CINEMA 21,THERE 2012 MOVIE!

* SHALL WE SEE THE CIRCUS?

* IF YOU FREE, PLEASE COME TO MY CAFÉ

ACCEPTING AN INVITATION :

* GREAT! LET’S GO

* THAT’S A GOOD IDEA

* YES, I’D LOVE TO

* OKAY! SEE YOU

* THANK YOU, I WILL COME TO YOUR CAFÉ

DECLINING AN INVITATION :

* THANK YOU FOR INVITING ME, BUT I HAVE AN APPOINTMENT WITH MY NEPHEW

* I’M SO SORRY, I CAN’T. I HAVE SOMETHING TO DO NEXT WEEK

* I’M REALLY SORRY ABOUT THAT

* I’D LOVE TO, BUT I HAVE TO STUDY THIS TONIGHT FOR MY EXAMINATION

* YOU SO KIND, BUT I CAN’T

EXAMPLES :

DIALOG 1

(ACCEPTING AN INVITATION)

JOE : Demi, by the way this Saturday there a new film in cinema 21, and I have two tickets. So, would you come with me?

DEMI : Really? Thank you, Joe. That’s a good idea. See you Saturday. I wait you in my home.

JOE : Okay.

DIALOG 2

(DECLINING AN INVITATION)

VANESSA : are you free this afternoon?

DATHU : Why?

VANESSA : Please, help me. I have a hard homework. So can you help me for finish my homework?

DATHU : Oh… I’m so sorry, Vanessa. I can’t help you. I have a dating with my special boy.

VANESSA : Yeah, it’s okay. Maybe later.